Hyperkalaemia causes

7 A‘s

• Artifact

• Aldosterone antagonist

• Addison’s disease

• Acidosis

• ACE inhibitors

• Angiotensin receptor blocker

• Anti-inflammatory

Treatment (if >7mmol/L) is 10mL of 10% calcium gluconate IV over 1 minute; to stabilise the action potential of the cell membrane.

Neurology 1

Absent ankle jerks but extensor plantars Sex can make the F*ing ankles Dorsiflex
Subacute combined degeneration of the cord
Conus Medullaris
Motor Neurone disease
Tabes dorsalis
Fredreich’s Ataxia
Diabetic neuropathy

Altered Mental State AEIOU TIPS
Alcohol (drugs), Endocrine, Insulin, Opiates, Ureamia
Toxins / trauma / tumour, Infections, Psychosis / Porphyria, SOL / stroke / seizure / shock

Cerebellar signs VANISH DDT
Vertigo, Ataxia, Nystagmus, Intention tremor, Slurred speech, Hypotonia
Dysdiadocokinesia, Dysmetria, Titubation
or PINARDS
Past-pointing, Intention tremor, Nystagmus, Ataxia, Rebound, Dysdiad, Slurred Speech
Confusion DIM FACES
Drugs / Dehydration, Infection, Metabolic / MI,
Fracture / Failure, Alcohol / Anaemia, CVA, Electrolyte disturbances, S.O.L.

Dystrophia Myotonica BIG CHIPS
Balding (frontal), Intellectual impairment, Glucose intolerance
Cataracts / Cardiomyopathy, Handshake / Hyporeflexia, ↓IgG, Ptosis, Small gonads

Mononeuritis Multiplex DRAW CLAPS
DM, RA, AIDS, Wegeners
Carcinomatosis / Churg-Strass, Leprosy, Amyloid, PAN, SLE

Multiple sclerosis CURSED HIV
Cerebellar signs, UMNL, Retrobulbar neuritis, Spastic paraparesis, Euphoria
Dementia / Depression / Diplopia
Horners, Incontinence, Vertigo / Vomiting

Muscles supplied by Median Nerve LOAF
Lumbricales, Opp pollicus, Abd pollicus, Flex pollicus brevis

Neuropathic Ulcers TADS
Tabes Dorsalis, Alcohol, DM, Syringomyelia

Parkinsons PARKINSONS
Pill rolling, akinesia, rigidity, kyphosis, instability, neck titubation, shuffling gait,
occulogyric crisis, nose tap (glabellar), small writing

Peripheral neuropathy DANG THE PAPIST
DM, Alcohol, Nutrition (B1, B2, B12), Guillian Barre
Trauma, Hereditary, Environmental (lead, drugs)
Paraneoplastic, Amyloid, Porphyria, Inflammatory, Syphilis, Tumours of nerves (HMSN)

Polyneuropathy VITAMINS
Vit def / vasculitides, infection (TB, leprosy, syphillis, polio)
Toxins (amiodarone, antiseptics, INH, lead, metronidazole, phenytoin, vincristine)
Amyloid, Metabolic (alcohol, DM, ↑thyroid, porphyria, liver & renal failure),
Idiopathic / Inherited, Neoplasm, Systemic (SLE, PAN, multiple myeloma)

Branches of Facial Nerve:

 Great Nerve Cut Can Produce Motor Palsy. 

G- Greater superficial petrosal nerve
N- Nerve to stapedius
C- Corda tympani
C- Communicating branch
P- Posterior auricular nerve
M- Muscular branches to stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric
P- Peripheral branches

clinical features 4 tension pnemothorax

5 T
Tachypnoea
Tachycardia
Tympanic note on percussion
Total absence of breath sounds
Tracheal shift

FEATURES OR PARKINSON'S DISEASES-

"RHTDM"
R-RIGIDITY
H-HYPOKINESIA
T-TREMORS
D-DEMENTIA
M-MASK LIKE FACE

Non GIT causes of Vomiting :

ABCDEFGHI:
Acute renal failure
Brain [increased ICP]
Cardiac [inferior MI]
DKA
Ears [labyrinthitis]
Foreign substances [Tylenol, theo, etc.]
Glaucoma
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Infection [pyelonephritis, meningitis]

Compliance of lungs factors

COMPLIANCE:

Collagen deposition (fibrosis)
Ossification of costal cartilages
Major obesity
Pulmonary venous congestion
Lung size
Increased expanding pressure
Age
No surfactant
Chest wall scarring
Emphysema

Hypothalamus: feeding vs.satiety center

"Late night snack":

LATEral is snacking [feeding] center.
Therefore, ventromedial is satiety center.

WBC Count:

 

"Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas"

"60, 30, 6, 3, 1"

Neutrophils 60%
Lymphocytes 30%
Monocytes 6%
Eosinophils 3%
Basophils 1%

Tabes Dorsalis features

DORSALIS:

Dorsal column degeneration
Orthopedic pain (Charcot joints)
Reflexes decreased (deep tendon)
Shooting pain
Argyll-Robertson pupils
Locomotor ataxia
Impaired proprioception
Syphilis

Diseases asso. with HLA B27

"27 pe RAJU(27 yr old RAJU)"

27=HLA B27
pe=Psoriatic arthropathy
R=Reactive arthritis
R=Reiter's syndrome
A=Acute anterior uveitis
A=Ankylosing spondylitis
JU=Juvenile RA

Xylocaine: Where not to use with Adrenaline?

"Digital PEN"

Digits (Fingers and toes)
Penis
Ear
Nose tip

Adrenaline causes vasoconstriction which helps to trap Xylocaine (anaesthetic) locally prolonging its duration of action. The two are not used together at sites supplied by end arteries as the vasoconstriction produced by adrenaline can cause ischemic necrosis of the tissues.
Adrenaline is also referred to as Epinephrine.

Beneficial actions due to PG synthesis inhibition

 

5 A's

Analgesia : Prevention of pain nerve ending sensitization
Antipyresis
Antiinflammatory
Antithrombotic
Arteriosus-Ductus closure in Newborns (Its infact Ductus Arteriosus but to fit in mnemonic Arteriosus ductus is used here)

Celiac sprue gluten sensitive enteropathy: gluten-containing grains

BROW:

Barley
Rye
Oats
Wheat

· Flattened intestinal villi of celiac sprue are smooth, like an eyebrow.

Causes of asterixis (flapping tremor)

[[ DRUGS (ABC) FAILED Helping Him ]]

DRUGS (ABC) :
- Alcohol

- Barbiturate
- carbamazepine

FAILED :
- respiratory failure
- liver failure
- renal failure

Helping : [[[ H = HYPO ]]]
- hypoglycemia
- hypokalemia
- hypomagnesemia

Him : [[[ H = HEMORRHAGE ]]]
- intracerebral hemorrhage
- subarachinoid hemorrhage
- subdural hematoma

symptoms of parkinsonism:-

Go MDR TB

Gait disorder

Mask like face
Dyskinesia
Rigidity (of muscles)

Tremor
Bradykinesia

Tissues which don't need insulin for glucose uptake

BRICKLE
B for brain
R for RBCs
I intestine
C cornea
K kidney
L liver
E excercising sk muscle

International Color Coding IV Canula (size order)!

Oh God. Why Goku Punched Bulma Yesterday.

Orange 14 G
Grey 16 G
White 17 G
Green 18 G
Pink 20 G
Blue 22 G
Yellow 24 G

Tissues which don't need insulin for glucose uptake

BRICKLE
B brain
R RBCs
I intestine
C cornea
K kidney L liver
E excercising skeletal muscle