Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) diagnostic criteria

MD SOAP BRAIN

• Malar rash – butterfly rash, sparing of nasolabial folds
• Discoid rash – basement membrane involved, may cause scarring

• Serositis – pleuritis/pericarditis
• Oral ulcers
• Antinuclear antibody (ANA) – very sensitive test
• Photosensitivity – skin rash to sunlight

• Blood – haemolytic anaemia, leukopaenia, thrombocytopaenia
• Renal disorder – proteinuria and cell casts
• Arthritis – symmetrical, involving 2+ small or large peripheral joints
• Immunological disorder – anti-dsDNA
• Neurological – seizures, psychosis

American College of Rheumatology, 1997: requires 4 out of 11

Hyperkalaemia causes

7 A‘s

• Artifact
• Aldosterone antagonist
• Addison’s disease
• Acidosis
• ACE inhibitors
• Angiotensin receptor blocker
• Anti-inflammatory

Treatment (if >7mmol/L) is 10mL of 10% calcium gluconate IV over 1 minute; to stabilise the action potential of the cell membrane

Sturge-Weber symptoms

STURGE

• Seizures
• Trigeminal port-wine stain
• Unilateral weakness (often opposite side to stain)
• Retardation (mental) in some patients
• Glaucoma
• Eye problems e.g. buphthalmos

Salter-Harris clafficiation of paediatric fractures

SALTR

• Slipped / Straight across
• Above
• Lower
• Through
• Rammed (crushed)

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A- Acute , Ascending
B- Bilateral
C- cyto-albumin dissociation
D- Demyelination
E- Elevated protein count , EMG for accurate test
F- Flacid paralysis
G- Guillain-Barre
H- Hyporeflexia or absent 

APGAR Score:

A-P-G-A-R:

A - appearance (color)
P - pulse (heart rate)
G - grimmace (reflex, irritability)
A - activity (muscle tone)
R - respiratory effort

Cirrhosis: Causes

" V WASH CABS "

Viral hepatitis (10%)
Wilson's disease
Alcoholic liver disease (60-70%)
Secondary biliary cirrhosis (gall stones, stricture)
Hemochromatosis (Iron overload)
Cryptogenic cirrhosis (Rare)
α- antitrypsin deficiency (Rare)
Biliary disease- primary biliary cirrhosis and secondary (stones, stricture) biliary cirrhosis
Sclerosing cholangitis

Wheezing: causes

ASTHMA:

Asthma
Small airways disease
Tropical Eosinophilia
Heart failure
Mastocytosis or carcinoid
Anaphylaxis or allergy

Causes of seizures

VITAMIN

Vascular(stroke),
Infections,
Trauma,
AV malformation,
Metabolic
Idiopathic
Neoplasm

Hematuria: differential in children

 ABCDEFGHIJK:

Anatomy (cysts, etc)
Bladder (cystitis)
Cancer (Wilm's tumour)
Drug related (cyclophosphamide)
Exercise induced
Factitious (Munchausen by proxy)
Glomerulonephritis
Haematology (bleeding disorder, sickle cell)
Infection (UTI)
In Jury (trauma)
Kidney stones (hypercalciuria)

Essential newborn care includes:

 DUTCH C

1. DETECTION n control of nosocomial infections
2. USING disposable delivery kits
3. THERMAL protection
4. CLEAN delivery
5. HYGIENE
6. CLEAN cord care

Bilirubin: common causes for increased levels

"HOT Liver"

Hemolysis
Obstruction
Tumor
Liver disease

Appearance of rash in a febrile patient

"Really Sick Children Must Try Duck Eggs"

1st day: Rubella

2nd day: Scarlet fever/Smallpox

3rd day: Chickenpox (1- 5 days)

4th day: Measles (Koplik spots seen a
day prior to the rash)
5th day: Typhus & rickettsia (this is
variable)

6th day: Dengue(Morbilliform, over
dorsum of hands and feet; trunk)

7th day: Enteric fever (Rose spots over
abdomen, flanks and back)

Septic Arthritis: most common cause

Staphylococcus Aureus is the most common cause of
Septic Arthritis in the pediatric population.

Dentition: eruption times of permanent dentition

"Mama Is In Pain, Papa Can Make Medicine":


1st Molar: 6 years
1st Incisor: 7 years
2nd Incisor: 8 years
1st Premolar: 9 years
2nd Premolar: 10 years
Canine: 11 years
2nd Molar: 12 years
3rd Molar: 18-25 years

Breast feeding: benefits

ABCDEFGH:



Infant:
Allergic condition reduced
Best food for infant
Close relationship with mother
Development of IQ, jaws, mouth
Mother:
Econmical
Fitness: quick return to pre-pregnancy body shape
Guards against cancer: breast, ovary, uterus
Hemorrhage (postpartum) reduced

Cystic fibrosis: exacerbation of pulmonary infection

CF PANCREAS:


Cough (increase in intensity and frequent spells)
Fever (usually low grade, unless severe bronchopneumonia is present)
Pulmonary function deterioration
Appetite decrease
Nutrition, weight loss
CBC (leukocytosis with left shift)
Radiograph (increase overaeration, peribronchial thickening, mucus plugging)
Exam (rales or wheezing in previously clear areas, tachypnea, retractions)
Activity (decreased, impaired exercise intolerance, increased absenteeism)
Sputum (becomes darker, thicker, and more abundant, forming plugs)

Croup: symptoms

3 S's:


Stridor
Subglottic swelling
Seal-bark cough

Cough (chronic): differential

 "CRADLE":


Cystic fibrosis
Rings, slings, and airway things (tracheal rings)/ Respiratory infections
Aspiration (swallowing dysfunction, TE fistula, gastroesphageal reflux)
Dyskinetic cilia
Lung, airway, and vascular malformations (tracheomalacia, vocal cord dysfunction)
Edema (heart failure)

Williams syndrome: features

WILLIAMS:


Weight (low at birth, slow to gain)
Iris (stellate iris)
Long philtrum
Large mouth
Increased Ca++
Aortic stenosis (and other stenoses)
Mental retardation
Swelling around eyes (periorbital puffiness)