Contraindicated Drugs During Breast feeding

Its very Important To Know The ContraindicatedDrugs During Breast feeding ??

(( BREAST ))

B= Bromocriptine/­benzodiazepines

R= Radioactive isotopes/ Rizatriptan

E= Ergotamine/ Ethosuximide

A= Amiodarone/ Amphetamine

S= Sex steroids/ Stimulant luxatives

T= Tetracycline/ Tretinoin

Syphilis characterized by 4 stages-primary ,secondary ,latent ,tertiary!!

 

Primary syphilis-PRAISE
P-painless lesion
R-regional lymphadenopathy
A-cArtilagenous consistency of lesion
... I-indurated lesion
S-single lesion
E-exudation with discharging serous fluid

Secondary-CAMP
C-condylomata lata
A-associated lesions(opthalmic,osseous,meningeal)
M-mucocutaneous lesion,mucous patches
P-pruritic papules

Latent-+ve serology;no clinical manifestation

Tertiary-CLASS
C-cardiovascular disorder
L-late benign sypillis(gummata)
A-asymptomatic nuerosyphilis
S-symptomatic nuerosyphillis

Causes of asterixis (flapping tremor)

DRUGS (ABC) :

- Alcohol

- Barbiturate

- carbamazepine

FAILED :

- respiratory failure
- liver failure
- renal failure

Helping : H = HYPO

- hypoglycemia
- hypokalemia
- hypomagnesemia

Him : H = HEMORRHAGE 

- intracerebral hemorrhage
- subarachinoid hemorrhage
- subdural hematoma

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) diagnostic criteria

MD SOAP BRAIN

• Malar rash – butterfly rash, sparing of nasolabial folds
• Discoid rash – basement membrane involved, may cause scarring

• Serositis – pleuritis/pericarditis
• Oral ulcers
• Antinuclear antibody (ANA) – very sensitive test
• Photosensitivity – skin rash to sunlight

• Blood – haemolytic anaemia, leukopaenia, thrombocytopaenia
• Renal disorder – proteinuria and cell casts
• Arthritis – symmetrical, involving 2+ small or large peripheral joints
• Immunological disorder – anti-dsDNA
• Neurological – seizures, psychosis

American College of Rheumatology, 1997: requires 4 out of 11

Hyperkalaemia causes

7 A‘s

• Artifact
• Aldosterone antagonist
• Addison’s disease
• Acidosis
• ACE inhibitors
• Angiotensin receptor blocker
• Anti-inflammatory

Treatment (if >7mmol/L) is 10mL of 10% calcium gluconate IV over 1 minute; to stabilise the action potential of the cell membrane

Plain X - Ray Abdomen in Gall Bladder Diseases

An easy was to remember findings is - 
1. Gas 
2. Opacity 
3. Gas in Opacity 

1. Gas - 
- Outside Gall Bladder (Perforation of Gall Bladder) 
- In Wall of Gall Bladder (Emphysematous Cholecystitis) 
- Within Gallbladder lumen (also Known as Pneumobilia) 
(seen in Cholecystenteric fistula, Post ERCP) 

2. Opacity - 
- Outside Gall Bladder (Gallstone ileus) 
- In Wall of Gall bladder (Calcified Gallbladder) 
- In lumen (Limey bile, Gall Stones, Calcification in Tumor) 

3. Gas in Opacity - Mercedez Benz Sign / Seagull's Sign 

Diverticulitis complications

Please Fix His Arse SOon!

• Perforation (leading to peritonitis)
• Fistulae (colovaginal, colovesicle)
• Haemorrhage (large haemorrhage)
• Abscess (swinging fever)
• Strictures / Obstruction (large bowel)

MORE SURGERY MNEMONICS

Lower GI bleed causes

MORE SURGERY MNEMONICS

H-DRAIN

• Haemorrhoids
• Diverticular disease
• Radiation colitis
• Angiodysplasia
• Infection / Inflammatory Bowel Disease / Ischaemia
• Neoplasm (cancer)

CHAND

• Colitis (radiation, ischaemia, infection, IBD (UC>CD)
• Haemorrhoids/fissures
• Angiodysplasia
• Neoplastic
• Diverticular disease

Psoriasis pathogenesis

HARP

• Hyperkeratosis – thickening of cornified layer
• Acanthosis – epidermal thickening (3-5 times normal)
• Rete ridge elongation (arrowheads)
• Parakeratosis – retained nuclei in stratum corneum

Other features:
Absent granular layer and infiltration of neutrophils and activated lymphocytes (from dermis to epidermis)
Nail changes (occur in 50% of patients)

STOP

• Subungual hyperkeratosis (proliferation under nail bed)
• Thickening
• Onycholysis (separation from the nail bed)
• Pitting, ridging

Seizure features

The following features can be used to distinguish a seizure from a faint:

CATCH A seizure:

• Confusion (post-ictal)
• Amnesia (post-ictal)
• Tongue-biting
• Cyanosis
• Headache (post-ictal)

• Aura (e.g. olfactory)

Upper GI endoscopy indications

How Gastroenterology Doctors Visualise Inside The Duodenum

• Haematemesis
• Gastric biopsy (?cancer)
• Dyspepsia
• Vomiting, persistent
• Iron-deficiency anaemia
• Therapeutic e.g. banding, sclerotherapy, stent, laser therapy
• Duodenal biopsy

Dyspepsia symptoms

ALARM Symptoms

• Anaemia (iron deficiency)
• Loss of weight
• Anorexia
• Recent onset of progressive symptoms
• Melaena / haematemesis

• Swallowing difficulty

If dyspepsia and either >55yrs or ALARM Symptoms then ENDOSCOPY

Hyperkalaemia causes

7 A‘s

• Artifact

• Aldosterone antagonist

• Addison’s disease

• Acidosis

• ACE inhibitors

• Angiotensin receptor blocker

• Anti-inflammatory

Treatment (if >7mmol/L) is 10mL of 10% calcium gluconate IV over 1 minute; to stabilise the action potential of the cell membrane.

Schizophrenia types

Crazy People Hear Something

• Catatonic – unresponsive, fixed stupor

• Paranoid – often delusional, angry, jealous

• Hebephrenic – disintegration of personality, erratic speach

• Simple - disintegration of thinking process

Antibiotics, antifungal drugs and antiviral drugs causing nephrotoxicity

SIGMA Takes Good And Authentic Frapuccino Cafe.

S- Sulfonamides
I- Inidinavir
G- Ganciclovir
M- metronidazole
A- Acyclovir
T- Tetracyclines
G- Glycopeptides [ Vancomycin]
A- Aminoglycosides
A- Amphotericin B
F- Foscarnet
C- Cidofovir [ and other structurally similar drugs - Tenofovir, Adenofovir]

Gastroenteritis Causes

LESS GERMS

L Listeria
E Escherichia coli
S Staphylococcus aureus
S Salmonella
G Giardia lamblia
E Entamoeba histolytica
R Rotavirus
M Mushrooms
S Shigella

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) causes

Dilated Hearts End In Terrible Infiltration

• Dietary – beri-beri (thiamine deficiency)
• Hereditary – familial DCM, muscular dystrophies (Duchenne, myotonia, mitochondrial)
• Endocrine – hypothyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, phaeochromocytoma
• Infective – viruses (coxsackie), Chagas’ disease
• Toxins – alcohol, drugs (anthracyclines)
• Infiltrative – sarcoid, iron overload (haemochromatosis, excess blood transfusions)

ART DRUGS

 NNRT


DEN
(Delavirdine, Efavirenz, Nevirapine)


Protease Inhibitors

RALFSINA  

(Ritonavir, Amprenavir, Lopinavir, Fosamprinavir, Saquinavir, Indinavir, Nelfinavir, Azatanavir)

Ulcerative colitis treatment options

SAACS

• Steroids – oral prednisolone or IV hydrocortisone if severe
• 5-Aminosalicyclic acid (5-ASA) e.g. mesalazine, sulfasalazine
• Azathioprine (immunosuppressant)
• Cyclosporin (immunosuppressant)
• Surgery if perforation, cancer or poor response to medical therapy

Ulcerative colitis (UC) complications

How To Perform Gi Colonoscopy

• Haemorrhage
• Toxic megacolon
• Perforation / Pseudopolyps
• Gallstones / Gangrene
• Colorectal carcinoma (if extensive and lasting >10 years)