Hyperkalaemia causes

7 A‘s

• Artifact
• Aldosterone antagonist
• Addison’s disease
• Acidosis
• ACE inhibitors
• Angiotensin receptor blocker
• Anti-inflammatory

Treatment (if >7mmol/L) is 10mL of 10% calcium gluconate IV over 1 minute; to stabilise the action potential of the cell membrane

Acidosis

Metabolic LUSK
Lactic, Uraemic, Salicylate, Ketoacidosis

Ketoacidosis SAD
Starvation, Alcohol, DM

Increased Anion Gap MUD PILES
Methanol / metformin, Uraemia, DKA / AKA
Paraldehyde / phenformin, Iron / INH, lactic, ethylene glycol,
salicylate / shock / sepsis / starvation

Normal Anion Gap Acidosis HARD UP
Hyperventilation /hyperalimentation, Acetazolamide, RTA, diarrhoea
Ureteral diversion (ureterosigmoidostomy), pancreatic fistula / parenteral NaCl

Addisons, causes of ANTAM
Autoimmune, Neoplastic, TB, Amyloid, Meningococcal (Waterhouse-Freidhrick)

Diabetes, complications KNIVES
Kidney, Neuropathy, Infection, Vascular, Eyes, Skin lesions

Hypercalcaemia NHS MTV FAPD
Neoplastic (Bony mets, Myeloma, Sq lung), Hyperparathyroidism, Sarcoid
Milk-alkali syn., Thyrotoxicosis, Vit D intoxication
Pagets (acute), Addisons, Familial, Drugs

Hypoglycaemia RE-EXPLAIN
Renal failure, exogenous, pituitary, liver failure, alcohol, infection, neoplasm (insulinoma)

Multiple endocrine neoplasia
MEN I T3P
Thyroid adenoma, Parathyroid, pituitary, pancreas (islet cell, ZE syndrome)

MEN IIa 2PM
Parathyroid, phaeo, Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC – calcitonin)

MEN IIb 2PM MG
As above, plus, marfanoid phenotypes, ganglioneuroma (intestinal & visceral)

Osmolar Gaps ME DIE
Methanol, ethanol
Diuretics (mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol), Isopropranolol, ethylene glycol

Phaeochromocytoma 4Ps
Pain, pallor, palpitations, perspiration

live attenuated vaccines

BOYs Love The CRIME

B= BCG
O=OPV
Y=YELLOW FEVERLove= LIVE ATTENUATED
The= TYPHOID
C=CHICKEN POX
R=RUBELLA
I=INFLUENZA
M=MUMPS,MEASLES
E=EPIDEMIC TYPHUS

live attenuated vaccines

BOYs Love The CRIME
B= BCG
O=OPV
Y=YELLOW FEVER

Love= LIVE ATTENUATED
The= TYPHOID
C=CHICKEN POX
R=RUBELLA
I=INFLUENZA
M=MUMPS,MEASLES
E=EPIDEMIC TYPHUS

Down syndrome pathology

DOWN:
Decreased alpha-fetoprotein and unconjugated estriol (maternal)
One extra chromosome twenty-one
Women of advanced age
Nondisjunction during maternal meiosis

Tissues which don't need insulin for glucose uptake

BRICKLE
B for brain
R for RBCs
I intestine
C cornea
K kidney
L liver
E excercising sk muscle

Blood clotting factors

"Foolish People Try Climbing Long Slopes After Christmas Some People Have Fallen"


Factor I = Fibrinogen
Factor II = Prothrombin
Factor III = Tissue factor
Factor IV = Calcium
Factor V = Labile factor
Factor VI - Does not exist as it was named initially but later on discovered not to play a part in blood coagulation.
Factor VII = Stable factor
Factor VIII = Antihemophilic factor A
Factor IX = Antihemophilic factor B or Christmas factor (named after the first patient in whom the factor deficiency was documented)
Factor X = Stuart Prower factor
Factor XI = Antihemophilic factor C
Factor XII = Hageman factor Factor
XIII = Fibrin stabilising factor

Tissues which don't need insulin for glucose uptake

BRICKLE
B brain
R RBCs
I intestine
C cornea
K kidney L liver
E excercising skeletal muscle

CITRIC ACID CYCLE

Can - citrate
I - isocitrate
Keep - ketoglutarate
Selling - succinyl CoA
Smile - succinate
For - fumarate
Money - malate
Officer? - oxaloacetate

Hyperthyroidism : signs and symptoms

THYROIDISM

Tremor
Heart rate up
Yawning (fatiguability)
Restlessness
Oligomenorrhea/ amenorrhea
Intolerance to heat Diarrhoea
Irritability
Sweating
Muscle wasting & weight loss

Blood clotting factors

"Foolish People Try Climbing Long Slopes After Christmas Some People Have Fallen"


Factor I = Fibrinogen
Factor II = Prothrombin
Factor III = Tissue factor
Factor IV = Calcium
Factor V = Labile factor
Factor VI - Does not exist as it was named initially but later on discovered not to play a part in blood coagulation.
Factor VII = Stable factor
Factor VIII = Antihemophilic factor A
Factor IX = Antihemophilic factor B or Christmas factor (named after the first patient in whom the factor deficiency was documented)
Factor X = Stuart Prower factor
Factor XI = Antihemophilic factor C
Factor XII = Hageman factor Factor
XIII = Fibrin stabilising factor

Alkalosis vs. acidosis: directions of pH and HCO

ROME:

Respiratory= Opposite:
· pH is high, PCO2 is down (Alkalosis).
· pH is low, PCO2 is up (Acidosis).

Metabolic= Equal: · pH is high, HCO3 is high (Alkalosis).
· pH is low, HCO3 is low (Acidosis)

Bilirubin: common causes for increased levels

"HOT Liver"

Hemolysis
Obstruction
Tumor
Liver disease

Phenylketonuria: which enzyme is deficient

PH
Phenylalanine
Hydroxylase

G6PD: oxidant drugs inducing hemolytic anemia

AAA:
Antibiotic (eg: sufamethoxazole)
Antimalarial (eg: primaquine)
Antipyretics (eg: acetanilid)

BUN:creatinine elevation: causes

ABCD:
Azotremia (pre-renal)
Bleeding (GI)
Catabolic status
Diet (high protein parenteral nutrition)

Porphyrias

5 P's:
Pain in abdomen
Polyneuropathy
Psychologial abnormalities
Pink urine
Precipitated by drugs

Hemoglobin binding curve: causes of shift to right

"CADET":
CO2
Acid
2,3-DPG (aka 2,3 BPG)
Exercise
Temperature

Fabry's disease

FABRY'S:
Foam cells found in glomeruli and tubules/ Febrile episodes
Alpha galactosidase A deficiency/ Angiokeratomas
Burning pain in extremities/ BUN increased in serum/ Boys
Renal failure
YX genotype (male, X linked recessive)
Sphingolipidoses

Coagulation common pathway: factors in order Hi Yield

10 + 5 - 2 = 13
Coagulation common pathway:
Factor X to Factor V to Factor II to Factor XIII